One very important – perhaps the most important – part of the ethnographic design process is understanding environmental constraints. By environmental constraints I mean environment, yes, but also the social, cultural and economic realities of life on the ground. I’m talking about the whole ecosystem, and the inner workings of each element. Examples of environmental constraints can include, among others: financial, environmental, linguistic, social, cultural, and educational. Through participant-observation, designers and ethnographers are able to observe activity on the ground. They are able to see how people behave and what resources are available to make (and repair) a product.
A product has a better chance of success (implementation and adaption) if it is designed with a holistic understanding of the actual conditions in which someone will use this product, as well as a forecasting of how this product might be adapted to suit changing environments.
To highlight the importance of understanding – and acting upon – environmental constraints, I have chosen to explore two products designed for the developing world. Both products – and project experiences – highlight why understanding a product – and the end user’s – environment is a critical piece to the implementation and adaptation of a new product. Both design teams, having researched and prototyped heavily, were realistic about their product design.
We will first explore a product that tackles the problem of access to clean water. Created by the E-Team at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, OsmoPure is a low-cost water purification device for developing countries. The device is an organic-based, low cost product made from asymmetric membrane. It is able to purify – completely – 20 liters of water per day. The membrane’s lifespan is one month, but can be replaced for just $1. The device requires no energy input besides the manual placement of the filter on a (soda) bottle and the occasional shaking of the bottle to clean the filter.
The environmental constraints and challenges they faced with this product:
1. Product must be relatively inexpensive
2. Product should be easily understood and easy to use, even for an illiterate population
3. Product must withstand muddy or murky water
While there are a number of water filtration devices currently on the market, many of them have serious drawbacks because environmental constraints were either not fully understood or were not tackled appropriately. Often, water purification products can be too expensive, too taxing (require too much energy input or maintenance), too confusing (many instructions, not accessible to illiterate populations), too unpredictable (could clog in murky water), too incomplete (doesn’t remove all of the contaminants).
The team behind OsmoPure not only explored and understood human behavior and environmental conditions on the ground, they researched the shortcomings of other products currently on the market. OsmoPure successfully tackles each of the three environmental constraints they were faced with: it can be manufactured for less than a dollar; it is easy to use and requires no energy input; it will not clog in murky or muddy water. Additionally, the product removes all necessary contaminants, it is self-cleaning, it is compact and lightweight, and it can be manufactured locally as the materials are prevalent (it attaches to any standard soda bottle). I think maybe the coolest thing about OsmoPure’s promo video (seen here) is that the founder, Dave Perry, tries out the product himself – showing not only how easy to use it is, but also that it functions properly and is safe to use. On camera, he fills a bottle with dirty water, attaches the filter, squeezes out the water, and drinks it! What better way to “prove” the product than to use it yourself.
The second product we will explore is one that tackles the challenges faced by mobility-challenged individuals living in – and needing to operate on - unpredictable terrain in the developing world. Quick fact: A whopping 20 million people in developing countries require wheelchairs and it is believed that 70 percent of those individuals reside in rural areas where traditional wheelchairs simply do not function (not stable, no gear system, not adaptable). The Leveraged Freedom Chair, a project designed and carried out by a team at the MIT Mobility Lab, is a mobility aid designed specifically for developing countries, where the diverse, unpredictable and often changing terrains (often unpredictable and ever-changing) render traditional wheelchairs at best insufficient and at worst not functional. In settings where traditional wheelchairs – if even available – are rendered useless and other options do not exist, individuals with mobility handicaps are left to either be carried by others or to remain immobile at home.
The environmental constraints and challenges they faced with this product:
1. Product must be able to operate on diverse terrain: dirt roads, rocky surfaces, muddy pathways
2. Product must be easy to repair, with locally-available materials
3. Product must be easily understood and relatively easy to use (intuitive, and easily adapted to)
The LFC is able to function in diverse terrain because it is made up of a gear system – similar to that of a bike. With increased gear options, users are able to power through terrain that a traditional wheelchair would not be able to navigate. The wheelchair is relatively easy to use, with gears being switched by modifying the position of user’s hands on the levers. It is a push-pull system. Besides a simple gear system, the LFC has a small third wheel in the front, which further stabilizes the device (similar to a tricycle, which is very difficult to tip over). Tested and successfully implemented in East Africa, the Leveraged Freedom Chair successfully tackles each of the three environmental constraints they were faced with: it is able to successfully navigate diverse terrain (thanks to the gear system and the third, stabilizing wheel); it is easy to repair by locally-available materials (the majority of the parts are those used to make bicycles, which are prevalent in most developing countries); and it is recognizably a mobility device, as it looks like a hybrid between a wheelchair and a bicycle (with handles that look ready to be pulled and pushed!). Additionally, the product is affordable (made from cheap bicycle parts) and is small enough to use within a home setting (multi-functional). I had the privilege of seeing one of these in person – on display at Autodesk in San Francisco – and while it seemed a bit bulky to me, after seeing it in action (in the video) I’m convinced of its power and its potential! [You can learn more about the LFC by watching their video and reading project updates].
BONUS! Check out our very own Heather Fleming trying out the LFC. Look at her go! 
(Another bonus: our amazing Advisory Board member Ralf Hotchkiss, founder and designer of Whirlwind Wheelchair, was an advisor for the LFC).
While I’ve given just two examples above, I hope it has been made clear how and why understanding – or not understanding – environmental constraints can “make” or “break” your product. Alternatives to the products mentioned above failed primarily because they did not understand the environmental factors that would inevitably effect the product, and in the process, did not address one or more of the obvious constraints. Observing the actual conditions where someone will use a product, and being realistic about the product’s design, has the potential to lead to a well-implemented and well-received product.
